Corrections and Retractions

The published record should be accurate, and where it is not, the correction should be as
visible as the original.

Corrections and errata address errors that do not undermine the findings — a mislabelled
figure, a wrong affiliation, a typographical error in an equation.

Expressions of concern are issued where a serious question has been raised that we cannot
yet resolve.

Retractions are issued where the findings are unreliable, whether through honest error or
misconduct, or where the work is plagiarised, duplicates a prior publication, or reports
unethical research.

Every notice is published openly, carries its own DOI, and is linked from the original
article. Retracted articles stay online, watermarked and clearly labelled, so that anyone
who encounters a citation to them can see what happened. We deposit the update with Crossref
so indexing services and reference managers reflect it.